1. Precise control over the cardiovascular system requires the integration
of both neural and humoral signals related to blood volume and blood pressu
re. Humoral signals interact with neural systems, modulating their control
over the efferent mechanisms that ultimately determine the level of pressur
e and volume.
2. Peptide hormones such as angiotensin (Ang)II and arginine vasopressin (A
VP) act through circumventricular organs (CVO) to influence cardiovascular
regulation.
3. The area postrema (AP), a CVO in the brainstem, mediates at least some o
f the central actions of these peptides, Vasopressin appears to act in the
AP to cause sympathoinhihition and a shift in baroreflex control of the sym
pathetic nervous system (SNS) to lower pressures. These effects of AVP and
the AP appear to be mediated by alpha(2)-adrenoceptor and glutamatergic mec
hanisms in the nucleus tractus solitarius.
4. In contrast to AVP AngII has effects in the AP to blunt baroreflex contr
ol of heart rate and cause sympathoexcitation. The effects of chronic AngII
to increase activity of the SNS may be due to AP-dependent activation of n
eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.