Nursing scripts and the organizational influences on critical thinking: report of a study of neonatal nurses' clinical reasoning

During 1995-1997 a study was undertaken to explore the extent to which theo retical knowledge acquired through a distance education programme in neonat al nursing was brought to bear in the real-world clinical reasoning of cour se participants. The study utilized a think aloud technique and included bo th concurrent (on-the-job) and retrospective verbal reports at 0, 6 and 12 months into the programme. Participants (n = 4) were also interviewed indiv idually on completion of the study. Results indicated that important incons istencies existed between participants' theoretical knowledge and their pra ctice; they also pointed to some organizational influences on these theory- practice inconsistencies. Script (or schema) theory provided a useful expla natory framework for these results. The paper includes a brief description of data collection and analysis techniques; its main emphasis, however, is on these theory-practice inconsistencies and their explanation in terms of the nature and acquisition of nursing practice scripts. The implications of nursing scripts for the promotion of critical thinking and evidence-based practice are discussed.