Fundamentals of the orbital conception of elementary particles and of their application to the neutron and nuclear structure

An alternative approach to the standard model is outlined, motivated by the increasing theoretical and experimental difficulties encountered by this m odel, which furthermore fails to be unitary. In particular the conceptual u neasiness generated by the excessive multiplicity of fundamental elements o f the quark model-36 different quarks whose cohesion needs 8 different type s of gluons-has logically led some physicists to propose a variety of quark substructures in an effort to reach unify. However, these hazardous attemp ts will without any doubt guide particle physics to fall into an abyss, in view of the already too highly dubious content of QCD. In order to avoid th e forward escape corresponding to the attribution of a substructure to quar ks and to stand away from the conceptual strangling to which the standard m odel has led, we have instead opted for different fundamentals. These, in c ontrast to those of the standard model, are extremely simple and based on t he assumption of a single fundamental corpuscle, of dual manifestation as c orpuscle and anticorpuscle, to which is always associated an orbital that d etermines the structure of particles. In such a frame particles differentia te through the diversity of quantum states of their structuring orbital, in contrast to the strategy used by the standard model bared instead an the p article's multiplicity of composition through the variety of the quark's co ntent, furthermore limited to hadrons. Instead the orbital conception of pa rticles is unitary unifying all of them as well as their interactions. As a n outstanding feature, nuclear forces derive from the neutron orbital struc ture, based on a proton core and a shell. This shell constitutes the cohesi ve element of nuclear structure.