Hypothesis: Hepatic cryoablation of 30% to 35% or more of liver parenchyma
in a sheep model results in eicosanoid and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa
B)-mediated changes in pulmonary hemodynamics and lung permeability.
Setting: Laboratory.
Interventions: At initial thoracotomy, catheters were placed in the main pu
lmonary artery, left atrium, right carotid artery, and efferent duct of the
caudal mediastinal lymph node for subsequent monitoring in adult sheep. Af
ter a 1- to 2-week period of recovery, animals underwent laparotomy and lef
t-lobe cryoablation (approximately 35% by volume) with subsequent awake mon
itoring and on postoperative days 1 to 3.
Main Outcome Measures: Cryoablation-induced lung permeability and hemodynam
ic changes were compared with baseline values in sheep that underwent instr
umentation. Similarly handled sheep underwent resection of a similar volume
of hepatic parenchyma or had pulmonary artery pressure increases induced b
y mechanical left atrial obstruction. Activation of NF-kappa B was assessed
with electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and serum thromboxane
Results: Cryoablation resulted in acutely increased mean pulmonary (20 to 3
5 cm water) and systemic pressures, which returned to baseline at 24 hours
with no change in cardiac output. Serum thromboxane levels increased 30 min
utes after cryoablation (9-fold) and returned to baseline at 24 hours. Acti
vation of NF-kappa B was present in liver and lung tissue by 30 minutes aft
er cryoablation. Lung lymph-plasma protein clearance markedly exceeded the
expected increase from pulmonary pressures alone, and increased lymph-plasm
a pro rein ra tio persisted after pulmonary artery pressures normalized. Si
milar changes were not associated with 35% hepatic resection.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that 35% hepatic cryoablation results
in an acute but transient increase in pulmonary artery pressure that may be
mediated by increased thromboxane levels. Increases in pulmonary capillary
permeability are not accounted for by pressure changes alone, and may be a
result of NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory mechanisms. These data show tha
t cryosurgery causes pathophysiological changes similar to those observed w
ith endotoxin and other systemic inflammatory stimuli.