Accumulating data indicate that a diet characterized by low glycaemic-index
(GI) foods not only improves certain metabolic ramifications of insulin re
sistance, but also reduces insulin resistance per se. Epidemiological data
also suggest a protective role against development of non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A major disadvantage in this
connection is the shortage of low-GI foods, and many common starchy staple
foods, such as bread products, breakfast cereals and potato products, have
a high GI. Studies in our laboratory show that it is possible to significa
ntly lower the GI of starchy foods, for example by choice of raw material a
nd/or by optimizing the processing conditions. Such low-GI foods may or may
not influence glucose tolerance at a subsequent meal. Consequently, certai
n low-GI breakfasts capable of maintaining a net increment in blood glucose
and insulin at the time of the next meal significantly reduced post-prandi
al glycaemia and insulinaemia following a standardized lunch meal, whereas
others had no 'second-meal' impact. These results imply that certain low-GI
foods may be more efficient in modulating metabolism in the long term. Alt
hough the literature supports a linear correlation between the GI and insul
inaemic index (II) of foods, this is not always the case. Consequently, mil
k products elicited elevated IIs, indistinguishable from a white bread refe
rence meal, despite GIs in the lower range. This inconsistent behaviour of
milk products has not been acknowledged, and potential metabolic consequenc
es remain to be elucidated.