Advancements in equine embryo production

Traditional techniques for in vitro production of embryos have had only lim ited success in horses. Problems associated with in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization have seriously hampered efforts to produce embryos for transfer to recipient mares. Research is now focused on adaptive newer tec hniques for the horse, including zona drilling, intracytoplasmic sperm inje ction (ICSI), calcium ionophore acceleration, and cellular co-culture, to h elp overcome these obstacles.