Origins and evolution of parasites in marine mammals: Pinnipeds example

Pinnipeds are marine mammals living at once in two very different environme nts : the marine and the land one. Therefore, they are in contact with para sites from both environment. Their parasitic fauna is abundant and diversified : it includes members fro m all existing parasite classes. A lot of parasites have a direct land one, few have a marine origin. At last, those parasites adapted themselves to t he marine environment (morphological adaptation, behavioural adaptation and events were in heteroxeny favor).