"This is a White country": The racial ideology of the Western nations of the world-system

In this paper I argue that the racial ideology of the Western nations of th e world-system has converged over the past twenty years. This new ideology or, as many analysts call it, the "new racism," includes: (1) the notion of cultural rather than biological difference, (2) the abstract and decontext ualized use of the discourse of liberalism and individualism to rationalize racial inequality, and (3) a celebration of nationalism that at times acqu ires an ethnonational character. I contend that this ideological convergenc e reflects the histories of racial imperialism of all these countries, the fact that they have all developed real-although different-racial structures that award systemic rewards to their "White'' citizens, and the significan t presence of the "Other" (Black, Arab, Turk, aboriginal people, etc.) in t heir midst. I use the cases of Germany, France, the Netherlands, and New Ze aland to illustrate my point.