Field applications of genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation processes

Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) have shown potential for biore mediation applications in soil, groundwater, and activated sludge environme nts, exhibiting enhanced degradative capabilities encompassing a wide range of chemical contaminants. However, the vast majority of studies pertaining to genetically engineered microbial bioremediation are supported by labora tory-based experimental data. In general, relatively few examples of GEM ap plications in environmental ecosystems exist. Unfortunately, the only manne r in which to fully address the competence of GEMs in bioremediation effort s is through long-term field release studies. It is therefore essential tha t field studies be performed to acquire the requisite information for deter mining the overall effectiveness and risks associated with GEM introduction into natural ecosystems.