Geographical variation in seed production, predation and abortion in Juniperus communis throughout its range in Europe

1 The geographical variation of seed production, predation and abortion was analysed in Juniperus communis for 31 populations in seven distinct region s throughout the species' distribution range in Europe, including both the northern and southern boundaries. 2 The number of seeds per cone and the number of filled seeds per cone vari ed significantly between geographical regions and among populations within regions. Populations from the Mediterranean mountains (south-east Spain) sh owed the highest values in the number of seeds per cone but the lowest valu es in the number of filled seeds per cone. 3 Losses due to predispersal seed predation varied significantly among popu lations within a region but not between regions, suggesting that predation incidence depends on local-scale factors. Seed abortion rates were higher i n southern Iberian populations than in the other regions, and varied signif icantly among populations and regions. As a result of predation and abortio n, seed production was lowest in the Iberian regions. 4 Seed abortion showed a significant quadratic relationship with latitude, with higher values of abortion at either end of the gradient, but particula rly at the southern limit. 5 The production of filled seeds declined gradually towards both northern a nd southern distribution limits. In the Mediterranean mountains (southern l imit), low seed production coincided with a marked limitation placed upon n atural regeneration by summer drought, leading to a demographic bottleneck in populations. Although seed abortion levels were relatively high in the s ubarctic tundra (northern limit) populations, they were free from predisper sal seed predators, suggesting that population viability here may be under less pressure.