Rapid eye movements include saccades and quick phases of nystagmus and may
have components around all three axes of ocular rotation: horizontal, verti
cal, and torsional. In this study, we recorded horizontal, vertical, and to
rsional eye movements in normal subjects with their heads upright and stati
onary. We asked how the eyes are brought back to Listing's plane after they
are displaced from it. We found that torsional offsets, induced with a rot
ating optokinetic disk oriented perpendicular to the subject's straight ahe
ad, were corrected during both horizontal and vertical voluntary saccades.
Thus three-dimensional errors are synchronously reduced during saccades. Th
e speed of the torsional correction was much faster than could be accounted
for by passive mechanical forces. During vertical saccades, the peak torsi
onal velocity decreased and the time of peak torsional velocity was delayed
, as the amplitude of vertical saccades increased. In contrast, there was n
o consistent reduction of torsional velocity or change in time of peak tors
ional velocity with an increase in the amplitude of horizontal saccades. Th
ese findings suggest that 1) the correction of stimulus-induced torsion is
neurally commanded and 2) there is cross-coupling between the torsional and
vertical but not between the torsional and horizontal saccade generating s
ystems. This latter dichotomy may reflect the fact that vertical and torsio
nal rapid eye movements are generated by common premotor circuits located i
n the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (r
iMLF). When horizontal or vertical saccade duration was relatively short, t
he torsional offset was not completely corrected during the primary saccade
, indicating that although the saccade itself is three-dimensional, saccade
duration is determined by the error in the horizontal or the vertical, but
not by the error in the torsional component.