Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis examined the relation between self-esteem and ingroup bias. The project focused on effects of ingroup bias strategy and measurement of self-esteem. Results indicated that high-self-esteem individuals exhibited more ingroup bias than did low-self-esteem individuals. Bias strategy and self-esteem measurement moderated this relation. When using "direct" ingrou p bias strategies, high-self-esteem individuals showed more bias than did l ow-self-esteem individuals. When using "indirect" strategies, groups exhibi ted comparable amounts of bias. Results were comparable for collective and personal self-esteem measures. Examination of specific collective measures indicated that self-esteem defined by the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luh tanen & Crocker, 1992) did not predict differences in in group bins, wherea s group identification measures did predict differences in ingroup bias. Re sults are interpreted as indicating that both high- and low-self-esteem ind ividuals exhibit ingroup bias; however, expression of ingroup bias by indiv iduals with low self-esteem is constrained by situational factors. Furtherm ore, individual-level factors such as personal self-esteem may be useful in predicting collective enhancement.