Modeling RNA folding paths with pseudoknots: Application to hepatitis delta virus ribozyme

A quantitative understanding of nucleic: acid hybridization is essential to many aspects of biotechnology, such as DNA microarrays, as well as to the structure and folding kinetics of RNA. However, predictions of nucleic acid secondary structures have long been impeded by the presence of helices int erior to loops, so-called pseudoknots, which impose complex three-dimension al conformational constraints. In this paper we compute the pseudoknot free energies analytically in terms of known standard parameters, and we show h ow the results can be included in a kinetic Monte Carlo code to follow the succession of secondary structures during quenched or sequential folding. F or the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme, we predict several nonnative stems o n the folding path, characterize a kinetically trapped state, interpret sev eral experimentally characterized mutations in terms of the folding path, a nd suggest how hybridization with other parts of the genome inactivates the newly formed ribozyme.