Concrete use of the joint coordinate system for the quantification of articular rotations in the digital joints of the horse

A method is detailed allowing the computation of three-dimensional (3D) joi nt angles. Each joint of the equine digit is modelled as a sequence of thre e single axis rotary joints. The Joint Coordinate System was used; it invol ves a specific sequence of cardanic angles. The decomposition of the angles was chosen so that the three elementary angles coincide with the flexion/e xtension, passive abduction/adduction and lateral/medial rotations. The alg orithms and kinematic procedures were described for the equine front digita l joints. This method was tested in vitro on four forelimbs. For each limb, angle values were measured while the member was loaded by a press (from 50 0 to 6 000 N). Those tests were repeated while a wedge raised one part of t he hoof (toe, heel, lateral and medial sides) in order to induce modificati ons of the angular patterns of the joints. This method allowed a pre cise q uantitative determination of 3D joint movements. The modifications occurrin g with the wedges are clearly identified and confirm some previously publis hed semi-quantitative observations. Moreover, this method provides a way to collect objective data on the functional anatomy of joints and could be us ed to study connective shoeing thoroughly. It may be directly applied to ot her species and may be used by researchers interested in discreet articular movements, especially occurring in other planes than the sagittal one.