Evolution of multiple mating in the genus Apis

Multiple mating by social insect queens is a widespread phenomenon. Because of the apparent inclusive fitness benefits of monandry, and the potential costs of polyandry, explanations For the evolution of multiple mating have been frequently sought. Current leading explanations are collectively known as 'genetic variance' hypotheses which posit that both queen and colony fi tness are increased by an is not clear. Furthermore, some of these hypothes es are probably insufficient to explain extreme levels of polyandry observe d in the genus Apis.