The effects of thermal roughness on X-ray studies of liquid surfaces will b
e discussed. In contrast to solid surfaces, for which the surface height-he
ight correlation function remains finite at large distances, for liquid sur
faces thermal fluctuations induce a logarithmic dependence for distances sm
aller than a gravitationally induced cutoff that is of the order of mm. As
a result of this there is no true specular X-ray reflectivity liquid surfac
es. Theory and measurements explaining this phenomena will be presented. (C
) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.