Use of transesophageal Doppler ultrasonography in ventilated pediatric patients: Derivation of cardiac output

Objective: To ascertain if cardiac output (CO) could be derived from blood flow velocity measured in the descending aorta of ventilated children by tr ansesophageal Doppler ultrasonography (TED) without the need for direct aor tic cross sectional area measurement, and to evaluate the ability of TED to follow changes in CO when compared with femoral artery thermodilution. Design: Prospective, comparison study. Setting: A 16-bed pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: A total of 100 ventilated infants and children aged 4 days to 18 yrs (median age, 27 months). Diagnoses included postcardiac surgery (n = 58 ), sepsis/multiple organ failure (0 = 32), respiratory disease (n = 5), and other (n = 5). A total of 55 patients were receiving inotropes or vasodila tors. Interventions: When patients were hemodynamically stable, a TED probe was p laced into the distal esophagus to obtain optimal signal, and minute distan ce (MD) was recorded. Five consecutive MD measurements were made concurrent ly with five femoral artery thermodilution measurements, and the concurrent measurements were averaged. CO was then manipulated by fluid administratio n or inotrope adjustment, and the readings were repeated. Measurements and Main Results: Femoral artery thermodilution CO ranged from 0.32 to 9.19 L/min, (median, 2.46 L/min), and encompassed a wide range of high and low flow states. Theoretical consideration revealed the optimal TE D estimate for CO to be (MD x patient height(2) x 10(-7)). Linear regressio n analysis yielded a power function model such that: estimated CO = 1.158 x (MD x height(2) x 10(-7))(0.785), r(2) = 0.879, standard error of the esti mate = 0.266. Inclusion of a correction factor for potential changes in aor tic cross-sectional area with hypo- and hypertension did not appreciably im prove the predictive value of the model. MD was able to follow percentage c hanges in CO, giving a mean bias of 0.87% (95% confidence interval -0.85% t o 2.59%), and limits of agreement of +/- 16.82%. The median coefficient of variation for MD was 3.3% Conclusions: TED provides a clinically accurate estimate of CO across the e ntire pediatric age range and is able to follow changes in CO.