Static-dynamic analyses of toroidal shells

A corotational approach is used to analyze toroidal shells under static-dyn amic lending. This approach decomposes the deformation into stretches and r igid-body rotations, examining the deformed state with respect to an orthog onal rigidly translated and rotated triad located at the point or interest on the deformed structure. The Jaumann stresses and strains are employed in the algorithm. Local and layerwise thickness stretching and shear warping functions are used to model the 3D behavior of the shell. These functions, developed through the use of the constitutive equations, enforce the contin uity of stresses and displacements required at the ply interfaces and lamin ate surfaces. The model is validated against toroidal shell data available in the literature, and it shows good agreement.