Intraosseous infusion devices: A comparison for potential use in special operations

Objective: To determine which intraosseous (IO) devices were easy to learn to use, easy to use once the skill was obtained, and appropriate for the Sp ecial Operations environment. Methods: Thirty-one Navy SEAL corpsmen, Air Force pararescuemen, Army Speci al Forces, and Ranger medics, in a prospective, randomly assigned, cross-ov er study, tested four commercially available, Food and Drug Administration- cleared IO devices. The systems included the injection models First Access for Shock and Trauma (FAST, Pyng Medical) and Bone Injection Gun (Wais Medi cal, Kress USA Corporation) and the hand-driven threaded-needle SurFast (Co ok Critical Care) and straight-needle Jamshidi needle (Baxter) models. The Special Operations medical care providers received a lecture regarding IO u se, viewed videotapes of the injection models, and practiced with demonstra tion units in the classroom, Each participant then entered the cadaver lab where all four of the IO devices were placed in randomly assigned order, A poststudy questionnaire was then completed. The FAST was placed in the ster num, whereas the other units were placed in either medial proximal or dista l medial tibia, Each participant was assessed for time, number of attempts, and success. The presence of marrow, extravasation, quality of flow, and s ecurity of needle were evaluated in combination to help determine success, Results: All four devices were believed to be easy to learn as well as easy to place. FAST was successful in 29 of 30 insertions (93%) with a placemen t time of 114 +/- 36 (mean +/- SD) seconds. The Bone Injection Gun was simi larly successful (29 of 31 insertions, 94%) with a mean placement time of 7 0 +/- 33 seconds. This time was statistically significantly faster (p < 0.0 5) than that with FAST, but not with the other devices, Thirty of 31 SurFas t placements (97%) were successful, on average taking 88 +/- 33 seconds to place, The Jamshidi needle also had 30 of 31 successful placements (97%) at an average 90 +/- 59 seconds, No one device was rated by the participants as significantly better than the others; however, the Bone Injection Gun di d have 65% of participants rate it as first or second (closest was Jamshidi needle at 52%), Conclusion: These IO devices were easy to teach and learn as well as easy t o use. Insertion times compared favorably with peripheral intravenous cathe ter placement in the face of hemorrhage, All four devices can he appropriat ely used in the Special Operations environment and are reasonable alternati ves when intravenous access cannot be gained, Although no device was rated higher than the others, particular features are desirable (low weight/size, simplicity, reusability, secure, clean, well protected).