Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions

Numerous techniques may be used for evaluation of the different reproductiv e disorders of the stallion. Approaches may vary from real-time ultrasonogr aphy and biopsy for evaluating testicular tumors to use of special assays f or evaluating sperm or plasma for presence of antisperm antibodies. This co mmunication addresses techniques used to evaluate five relatively uncommon, but perplexing, disorders of breeding stallions: (1) seminal vesiculitis, (2) hemospermia associated with idiopathic urethral defects, (3) acrosomal dysfunction, (4) abnormal spermatozoal chromatin, and (5) azoospermia. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.