The reproductive pattern and efficiency of female buffaloes

Buffaloes play a prominent role in rural livestock production, particularly in Asia. Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productiv ity and is hampered in female buffalo by (i) inherent late maturity, (ii) p oor estrus expression in summer, (iii) distinct seasonal reproductive patte rns, and (iv) prolonged intercalving intervals. Ovarian function is central to these issues; hence, the focal point of this review is ovarian function in Bubalus bubalis, particularly, in relation to seasonal changes. Ovarian anatomy, follicular and luteal development development, and hormonal profi les during the estrous cycle are discussed. Review of the literature reveal ed a paucity of critically derived information on follicular and ovulatory patterns in buffalo, particularly, in relation to seasonal estrus/birthing. Efforts may be directed at understanding the process (recruitment, develop ment, atresia) and temporal pattern (follicle selection, dominance, subordi nate follicle suppression, follicle numbers, and, preovulatory changes) of follicular dynamics using techniques which permit serial assessment of chan ges occurring over time. Emphasis may be directed towards investigating fol licular "waves" as a functional unit, rather than the estrous cycle, in the context of whole animal endocrinology. The data obtained from such basic s tudies may then be used to develop and test models for enhancing reproducti ve efficiency. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.