Surface photovoltage spectroscopy, photoreflectance, and reflectivity characterization of an InGaAs/GaAs/GaAlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser including temperature dependence

We have investigated an InGaAs/GaAs/GaAlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser using surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) in the temperature ran ge of 15 K < T < 400 K. For comparison purposes, we have also (a) measured temperature-dependent photoreflectance (PR) and normal-incidence reflectivi ty (NIR); and (b) calculated the number of photoexcited carriers (PEC), whi ch is related to the SPS signal. The SPS spectra exhibit both the fundament al conduction to heavy-hole (1C-1H) excitonic transition and cavity mode pl us a rich interference pattern related to the properties of the mirror stac k. The PR data show only the 1C-1H excitonic transition (plus Franz-Keldysh oscillations) while the cavity mode is detected by NIR. The temperature va riation of 1C-1H/cavity mode is the same for SPS and PR/SPS and NIR. The SP S interference pattern from the DBRs is in good agreement with the PEC calc ulation. This experiment demonstrates the considerable potential of SPS for the characterization of these devices. (C) 2000 American Institute of Phys ics. [S0003-6951(00)01521-7].