Apoptosis and cytokine release induced by ionizing or ultraviolet B radiation in primary and immortalized human keratinocytes

We have compared the induction of apoptosis and cytokine release by UVB and gamma-radiation in primary (untransformed) and in two immortalized human e pithelial/keratinocyte cell lines, HaCaT and KB (KB is now known to be a su bline of the ubiquitous keratin-forming tumour cell line HeLa and we theref ore designate it HeLa-KB). In both the primary and the immortalized cell li nes apoptosis and release of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 are in duced rapidly following UVB irradiation. In contrast, only the immortalized cells undergo apoptosis and release interleukin-6 after gamma-irradiation and here the onset of apoptosis and cytokine release are delayed. The same distinction between primary and immortalized cells was observed when double -strand breaks were induced with the anticancer drug mitoxantrone, which st abilizes topoisomerase II-cleavable complexes. We suggest that immortalizat ion may sensitize keratinocytes to the apoptogenic effect of ionizing radia tion or mitoxantrone by deregulating normal cell cycle checkpoints. In both human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, cell killing, as assayed by loss of c olony-forming ability, is not coupled to apoptosis, Immortalization increas es resistance to gamma-radiation killing but sensitizes to apoptosis. In co ntrast, although immortalization also sensitizes to UVB-induced apoptosis, it does not affect UVB-induced cell killing. Apoptosis unambiguously indica tes death at the single cell level but clonal cell survival integrates all the cellular and genetic processes which prevent or permit a scorable clone to develop.