This paper discusses the current status of forested, wetland, freshwater an
d coastal ecosystems; the combined impacts of habitat alteration, pollution
and non-native invasive species on those systems; how climatic changes cou
ld interact with existing stresses; potential management strategies, and cr
ucial research gaps. Changes in climate and climate variability would signi
ficantly affect natural ecosystems, and may pose additional threats to the
already-stressed ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR). Fragmentation
of the MAR's forests may hinder the migration of some species. Urban devel
opment and wetland losses leave the MAR's rivers and streams and near-shore
areas vulnerable to damages if the frequency and intensity of storms incre
ase. Inputs of sediments, nutrients and toxic chemicals to streams, lakes a
nd estuaries might increase if precipitation increases. Accelerated sea-lev
el rise could accelerate the loss of coastal wetlands. Estuaries are sensit
ive to changes in temperature, salinity and nutrient loads, and could be ad
versely affected by projected climatic changes. Populations of rare, native
species could decline, while problems with non-native invasive species, su
ch as kudzu and gypsy moths, might increase. The best strategies to protect
ecosystems from climatic changes may be those that reduce other stresses,
thus increasing resilience to a variety of stresses. Societal priorities fo
r ecosystem protection need to be articulated, and research is needed into
the values of ecosystems, ecosystem functioning, human impacts, long-term e
cological monitoring, and management options to provide a basis for selecti
ng effective measures.