Relative effects of the spatial and temporal characteristics of scanned surfaces on human perception of tactile roughness using passive touch

The present experiments were designed to determine the ability of humans to estimate the roughness of raised dot surfaces using passive touch (subject immobile, surfaces scanned proximo-distally under the tip of the middle di git). In two initial experiments, the spatial period in the direction of th e scan (longitudinal SP) was varied from 1.5 to 5 mm, while the transverse SP was kept constant at 2 mm. These surfaces were identical to those used i n single unit recording experiments in primates which have shown that neuro nes in primary somatosensory cortex (SI) show graded changes in discharge o ver the same range of SPs. In the third and fourth experiments, roughness p erception was studied over an extended range of longitudinal SPs (1.5-8.5 m m); transverse SP was either 1 or 2 mm. We also examined the effects on rou ghness perception of presenting the surfaces at two different scanning spee ds (similar to 50 and similar to 95 mm/s), similar to those employed in the unit recordings. Magnitude estimates of perceived roughness increased in a nearly linear fashion as longitudinal SP was increased up to either 5 mm ( experiments 1 and 2) or 8.5 mm (experiments 3 and 4). A modest increase in the transverse SP elicited a small increase in roughness estimates, with pr eservation of the linear relation between roughness and longitudinal SP. Th e roughness sensation evoked by each surface was not affected by the change of the temporal pattern of scanning (Low and High speeds). These results s howed that there is perceptual constancy for roughness across a twofold cha nge in passive scanning speed, and that roughness is a function of the spat ial characteristics of these raised dot surfaces. While a spatial code may underlie this observation, it is suggested that a simpler intensive code ma y be sufficient to explain the psychophysical observations. Based on the re sults of neurophysiological recordings in SI cortex, it is suggested that a n invariant central representation of surface roughness could be extracted from the ambiguous peripheral signals that covary with roughness and the st imulating conditions (e.g. speed) by means of a simple subtraction process.