Noise considerations in circuit optimization

Noise can cause digital circuits to switch incorrectly, producing spurious results, It can also have adverse power, timing and reliability effects. Dy namic logic is particularly susceptible to charge-sharing and coupling nois e. Thus, the design and optimization of a circuit should take noise conside rations into account. Such considerations are typically stated as semi-infi nite constraints in the time-domain. Semi-infinite problems are generally h arder to solve than standard nonlinear optimization problems. Moreover, the number of noise constraints can potentially be very large. This paper describes a novel and practical method for incorporating realist ic noise considerations during automatic circuit optimization by representi ng semi-infinite constraints as ordinary equality constraints involving tim e integrals. Using an augmented Lagrangian optimization merit function, the adjoint method is applied to compute all the gradients required for optimi zation in a single adjoint analysis, no matter how many noise measurements are considered and irrespective of the dimensionality of the problem. Thus, for the first time, a method is described to practically accommodate a lar ge number of noise considerations during circuit optimization. The techniqu e has been applied to optimization using time-domain simulation, but could be applied in the future to optimization on a static-timing basis. Numerica l results are presented.