The objective of the present investigation was to extend research on metame
mory and confidence calibration and discrimination to other countries using
items from actual course examinations. The authors investigated gender dif
ferences in confidence judgments of 551 postsecondary students from 25 univ
ersity courses in 5 countries: Israel the Netherlands, Palestine, Taiwan, a
nd the United States. Because important distinctions between men and women
and among various countries might be hidden by examining only overall confi
dence, the authors analyzed students' confidence both when they were correc
t on each exam item and when they were incorrect Large and significant diff
erences were found in overall confidence, confidence when correct, and conf
idence when wrong, associated primarily with country and culture. In contra
st, gender differences tended to be surprisingly small when viewed within c
ountries.