The strategy of biosensor surface renewal: past, present and future

Various strategies used in our laboratories to renovate the active surface of electrochemical biosensors are reported in this review. These strategies are grouped in four representative models. The first consists of biosensor s where the biological material is immobilised in a separate laver attached to the transducer surface. The second model of biosensors involves the bio composite membrane technology (BMT) where the conductor , the biological ma terial, the mediators etc, are well homogenised and blended in a single pha se. The third model is an extension of BMT to screen printing techniques th at allows the microfabrication of low-cost, single-use biosensors. The last model involves the use of magnetic particles as the support for biological materials in flow-injection analysis systems.