Ways of death: Accounts of terror from Angolan refugees in Namibia

In their accounts of the war in Angola, refugees from south-eastern Angola who now live in Rundu (Namibia) draw a distinction between warfare in the p ast and the events that happened in their region of origin after Angolan in dependence in 1975. Although they process their experiences through recount ing history, these refugees maintain that the incidence of torture, mutilat ion and massive killing after 1975 has no precedent in the area's history a nd forms an entirely new development. This article investigates the reasons for this posited modernity of killing, torture and mutilation. The placeme nt of the recent events outside local history is shown to represent: an exp ression of outrage, anger and indignation at the army's treatment of the ci vilian population during the recent phase of the war. The outrage not only concerns the scale of the killing, torture and mutilation but is also linke d with the issue of agency. The informants accuse UNITA army leaders in par ticular of wanton disregard for the lives and livelihood of their followers . They furthermore maintain that UNITA ordered ordinary soldiers to take pa rt in killings which released powers the soldiers were unable to handle.