Lack of synergism between long-term poor glycaemic control and three gene polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system on risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in Type I diabetic patients

Aims/hypothesis. Reports on a putative synergism between poor glycaemic con trol and carriage of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) C-1166-alle le and risk of diabetic nephropathy have been conflicting. Therefore, we in vestigated the interaction between long-term glycaemic control and three po lymorphisms in the genes coding for AGTR1 (A(1166)-->C), angiotensin conver ting enzyme (ACE/ ID) and angiotensinogen (M235T) on risk of developing dia betic nephropathy. Furthermore, we investigated the relation between a rand om measurement and long-term measurements of haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)). Methods. We studied Caucasian patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diab etes mellitus and nephropathy (120 men 74 women, age 41.1 +/- 9.6 years, di abetes duration 28 +/- 8 years) and long-standing Type I diabetic patients with persistent normoalbuminuria (112 men 69 women, age 42.5 +/- 10.0 years , diabetes duration 27 +/- 9 years). Genotyping was PCR-based and metabolic control estimated from all measurements of HbA(1c) done in each patient [a verage (range) n = 31 (6-74)]. The median observation time (range) was 13.5 (2-14) years. Results. Type I diabetic patients with a history of poor glycaemic control (HbA(1c) above the median, 8.7%) had an increased risk of diabetic nephropa thy compared with patients with a better metabolic control, OR (95% CI): 9. 2 (5.8-14.7). The magnitude of this risk was similar in carriers and non-ca rriers of the mutations. The risk of nephropathy in patients with HbA(1c) a bove compared with below the median in carriers of the mutant C-1166-allele , D-allele, or T235-allele were 7.6 (95% CI: 3.9-14.8), 10.4 (6.0-17.8) and 9.8 (5.4-17.9), respectively. A significant correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.0 01) existed between a random and long-term measurements of HbA(1c) with a s mall mean difference (limits of agreement) [0.2 (-1.8 to 2.1) %] between th e two estimates. Conclusian/interpretation. Poor metabolic control is a major risk factor fo r diabetic nephropathy in Caucasian Type I diabetic patients. This risk was similar in carriers and non-carriers of the mutant alleles of the AGTR1(A( 1166)-->C), ACE/ID and angiotensinogen-M235T polymorphisms. The HbA(1c) val ue measured at random reflects rather closely average long-term KbA(1c) val ues.