Nasal vowels as two segments: Evidence from borrowings

We attempt to demonstrate that the substitution of a foreign segment in the borrowings of our database, which includes 14,350 segmental malformations from French and English loanwords in eight distinct languages, involves its replacement by a single native segment. This tendency is so strong in our database as to be virtually exceptionless, except where nasal vowels are co ncerned. These vowels are systematically adapted as an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant (VN), a process we call UNPACKING. We document this pr ocess and suggest that it results from the fact that contrastive nasal vowe ls are fundamentally biphonemic, that is they have two root nodes. The infl uence of orthography is refuted, and a number of apparent counterexamples w here segments other than nasal vowels seem to unpack are reanalyzed in term s of independent native processes.*