Ee. Zijlstra et al., Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: clinical presentation and differential diagnosis, BR J DERM, 143(1), 2000, pp. 136-143
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a common complication followi
ng kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). In a prospective study in a village
in the endemic area for kala-azar in the Sudan, 105 of 183 (57%) kala-azar
patients developed PKDL. There was a significantly higher PKDL rate (69%) i
n those who received inadequate and irregular treatment of kala-azar than i
n those who were treated with stibogluconate 20 mg kg(-1) daily for 15 days
(35%). The group of patients who developed PKDL did not differ from those
who did not develop PKDL with regard to age and sex distribution, reduction
in spleen size, and conversion in the leishmanin skin test (LST). In a cli
nical study, 416 PKDL patients were analysed and divided according to grade
of severity. Severe PKDL was more frequent in younger age groups (P < 0.00
1); there was an inverse correlation between grade and conversion in the LS
T (P < 0.01). In 16% of patients tested, parasites were demonstrated in ing
uinal lymph node or bone marrow aspirates, indicating still visceral diseas
e (para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis); there was no correlation between t
he presence of parasites and grade of severity. Conversion rates in the LST
were lower than in those who did not have demonstrable parasites (11% and
37%, respectively; P < 0.01). In the absence of reliable and practical diag
nostic tests, PKDL may be diagnosed on clinical grounds and differentiated
from other conditions, of which miliaria rubra was the most common. Differe
ntiation from leprosy was most difficult.