Short timescale variability of the mesospheric sodium layer

In this article we investigate the short-term characteristics of the sodium layer and their implications for laser guide star systems. We report measu rements of sodium density and centroid-height variations on timescales of 1 00 ms upwards. Significant centroid-height variations on short timescales m ay necessitate frequent refocussing of the beam and wavefront sensor system . We present results from observations of the mesospheric sodium layer take n at the Max Planck observatory in Calar Alto, Spain in September 1997 and August 1998. We describe our experiment which uses the resonant optical bac kscatter of 589.2 nm laser light from the upper atmosphere as a measure of sodium abundance. Short-term variations are dominated by the formation of d ense sporadic layers in the normal sodium layer. Measurements were made on 3 nights in 1997 and on 2 nights in 1998. Somewhat unexpectedly for a mid-l atitude site, sporadic sodium layers were seen on 4 of these 5 nights. One of the sporadic layers was observed for its duration. The 2 km wide layer r eached a maximum intensity of approximately two and a half times that of th e background layer and could be distinguished from the background for over five hours. Centroid height variations of up to 400 m were observed on time scales of 1-2 min. In 1998 we were sensitive to variations of 5% or more in total sodium abundance on timescales of 100 ms upwards. We found no eviden ce for variations of this level on these short timescales.