Development of integrated ecological standards of sustainable forest management at an operational scale

Within Canada, and internationally, an increasing demand that forests be ma naged to maintain all resources has led to the development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. There is, however, a lack of u nderstanding, at an operational scale, how to evaluate and compare forest m anagement activities to ensure the sustainability of all resources. For exa mple, nationally, many of the existing indicators are too broad to be used directly at a local scale of forest management; provincially, regulations a re often too prescriptive and rigid to allow for adaptive management; and f orest certification programs, often based largely on public or stakeholder opinion instead of scientific understanding, may be too local in nature to permit a comparison of operations across a biome. At an operational scale i ndicators must be relevant to forest activities and ecologically integrated . In order to aid decision-makers in the adaptive management necessary for sustainable forest management, two types of indicators are identified: thos e that are prescriptive to aid in planning forest management and those that are evaluative to be used in monitoring and suggesting improvements. An in tegrated approach to developing standards based on an ecosystem management paradigm is outlined for the boreal forest where the variability inherent i n natural systems is used to define the limits within which forest manageme nt is ecologically sustainable. Sustainability thresholds are thus defined by ecosystem response after natural disturbances. For this exercise, standa rds are proposed for biodiversity, forest productivity via regeneration, so il conservation and aquatic resources. For each of these standards, plannin g indicators are developed for managing forest conditions while forest valu es are evaluated by environmental indicators, thus leading to a continuous cycle of improvement. Approaches to developing critical thresholds and corr esponding prescriptions are also outlined. In all cases, the scale of evalu ation is clearly related to the landscape (or FMU) level while the stand le vel is used for measurement purposes. In this view the forest should be man aged as a whole even though forest interventions are usually undertaken at the stand level.