Requirements for the maintenance of Th1 immunity in vivo following DNA vaccination: A potential immunoregulatory role for CD8(+) T cells

Protective immunity against Leishmania major generated by DNA encoding the LACK (Leishmania homologue of receptor for activated C kinase) Ag has been shown to be more durable than vaccination with LACK protein plus IL-12. One mechanism to account for this may be the selective ability of DNA vaccinat ion to induce CD8(+) IFN-gamma-producing T cells. In this regard, we previo usly reported that depletion of CD8(+) T cells in LACK DNA-vaccinated mice abrogated protection when infectious challenge was done 2 wk postvaccinatio n, In this study, we extend these findings to study the mechanism by which CD8(+) T cells induced by LACK DNA vaccination mediate both short- and long -term protective immunity against L, major, Mice vaccinated with LACK DNA a nd depleted of CD8(+) T cells at the time of vaccination or infection were unable to control infection when challenge was done 2 or 12 wk postvaccinat ion, Remarkably, it was noted that depletion of CD8(+) T cells in LACK DNA- vaccinated mice was associated with a striking decrease in the frequency of LACK-specific CD4(+) IFN-gamma-producing T cells both before and after inf ection. Moreover, data are presented to suggest a mechanism by which CD8(+) T cells exert this regulatory role. Taken together, these data provide add itional insight into how Th1 cells are generated and sustained in vivo and suggest a potentially novel immunoregulatory role for CD8(+) T cells follow ing DNA vaccination.