Spreading volcanoes

As volcanoes grow, they become ever heavier. Unlike mountains exhumed by er osion of rocks that generally were lithified at depth, volcanoes typically are built of poorly consolidated rocks that may be further weakened by hydr othermal alteration. The substrates upon which volcanoes rest, moreover, ar e often sediments lithified by no more than the weight of the volcanic over burden. It is not surprising, therefore, that volcanic deformation includes -and in the long term is often dominated by-spreading motions that translat e subsidence near volcanic summits to outward horizontal displacements arou nd the flanks and peripheries. We review examples of volcanic spreading and go on to derive approximate expressions for the time volcanoes require to deform by spreading on weak substrates. We also demonstrate that shear stre sses that drive low-angle thrust faulting from beneath volcanic constructs have maxima at volcanic peripheries, just where such faults are seen to eme rge. Finally, we establish a theoretical basis for experimentally derived s calings that delineate volcanoes that spread from those that do not.