Nonlinear deformation analysis of a U-shaped bellows with varying thickness

The nonlinear integral equations for a U-shaped bellows with compressed ang le and varying wall-thickness are derived according to the simplified Reiss ner theory of large deflection for revolution shells and integral-equation method. The iteration procedure for nonlinear analysis is developed by mean s of the integral equation iteration in conjunction with the gradient metho d. Numerical solutions for a U-shaped bellows under the action of axial com pression force and internal pressure are obtained, which are compared with previous theories and experiments. The present results are shown to have a good accuracy, and may be applied directly to the design of bellows.