Reduced ventricular response irregularity is associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation

Background-Variations in the ventricular response interval (VRI) during atr ial fibrillation (AF) may be reduced in patients with adverse clinical outc omes. The properties of VRI dynamics associated with prognosis remain undet ermined. Methods and Results-In 107 patients with chronic AF (age, 64 +/- 9 years), we analyzed a 24-hour ambulatory ECG for VRI variability (SD, SD of success ive differences, and SD of 5-minute averages) and VRI irregularity (Shannon entropy of histogram, symbolic dynamics, and approximate entropy of beat-t o-beat and minute-to-minute fluctuations [ApEn(b-b) and ApEn(m-m)]). During a follow-up period of 33 +/- 16 months, 18 patients died (17%), 9 from car diac causes, 7 from fatal strokes, and 2 from malignancies. Reductions in a ll VRI variability and irregularity measures were associated with an increa sed risk for cardiac death but not for fatal stroke. A significant associat ion with cardiac death was also found for ejection fraction (relative risk, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.17, per 1% decrement) and is chemic AF (relative risk, 6.52; 95% CI, 1.62 to 26.3). After adjustment for these clinical variables, all irregularity measures except symbolic dynami cs had predictive value (relative risks [95% CIs] per ISD decrement: Shanno n entropy of histogram, 2.03 [1.14 to 3.61]; ApEn(b-b) 1.72 [1.14 to 2.60]; and ApEn(m-m), 1.90 [1.03 to 3.52]); however, the predictive power of vari ability measures was no longer significant. When the patients were stratifi ed with the 33rd and 67th percentile values of ApEn(b-b) (1.83 and 1.94, re spectively), the 5-year cardiac mortality rates for the upper, middle, and lower tertiles were 0%, 13%, and 43%, respectively (log-rank test, P = 0.04 ). Conclusions-Reduced VRI irregularity in a 24-hour ambulatory ECG has an ind ependent prognostic value for cardiac mortality during long-term follow-up in patients with chronic AF.