Behavioral strategies for emotion regulation in toddlers: Associations with maternal involvement and emotional expressions

Ninety-four mothers and their 18- or 24-month-old children participated in four laboratory episodes designed to elicit fear or anger. Mothers' behavio r was constrained for the first part of each episode; mothers were then ins tructed to help their children. Toddlers' behavioral strategies differed as a function of maternal involvement and as a function of the emotion-elicit ing context. Only some of the behavioral strategies assumed to minimize exp ressions of distress truly did so; other behaviors showed maintenance effec ts on fear and anger expressions. The different pattern of results for the fear and frustration episodes highlights the importance of examining behavi oral strategies across contexts designed to elicit different emotions.