DIFFERENTIAL MODULATION OF NEURON SURVIVAL DURING DEVELOPMENT BY NERVE GROWTH-FACTOR BINDING TO THE P75 NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR

Nerve growth factor (NGF) supports the survival and differentiation of distinct populations of peripheral and central neurons, NGF binds to two classes of cell-surface receptors, the protein tyrosine kinase Trk A and the smaller p75 receptor lacking intrinsic catalytic activity. I t has been suggested that both receptors are required for NGF high aff inity binding, although TrkA appears to be sufficient for transducing most of the biological effects of NGF. Some evidence suggests that p75 could play a modulatory role on TrkA activation by an as yet unknown mechanism, In this study, we have investigated functional roles of p75 using a purified triple mutant NGF (triNGF) deficient in p75 binding but retaining significant TrkA binding and activation, The mutant was found to be as potent as wild type NGF at promoting survival of serum- deprived TrkA-expressing fibroblasts, On developing chick sensory neur ons, survival responses to mutant and native NGF were indistinguishabl e when assayed at nanomolar concentrations, However, triNGF was 3- to 4-fold less potent than wild type NGF at lower concentrations (i.e. 10 (-11)M). Interestingly, in PC12 cells coexpressing TrkA and p75, no hi gh affinity binding sites for triNGF could be detected, The reduced re sponsiveness to triNGF in sensory neurons was increasingly evident at later developmental stages; late embryonic neurons did not respond at all to concentrations of triNGF that were saturating at earlier develo pmental stages, Likewise, although no difference could be seen between wild type and mutant NGF on the survival responses of embryonic rat s uperior cervical ganglion sympathetic neurons, the mutant was much les s potent than native NGF on postnatal sympathetic neurons, In sensory neurons, the decrease in responsiveness to triNGF correlated with a de velopmental reduction in the expression of both p75 and TrkA. Thus, NG F binding to p75 enhances responsiveness to ligand, particularly when this is present at limiting concentrations, During development, p75 mo dulates responsiveness to NGF so that binding to p75 becomes increasin gly important in neurons undergoing a down-regulation of NGF receptors . These results support a ligand-dependent modulatory role for p75 in NGF-mediated neuron survival consistent with p75 functioning as a TrkA regulator and/or signaling receptor.