The cytochrome CYP3A gene products, expressed in mammalian liver, are essen
tial for the metabolism of lipophilic substrates, including endogenous ster
oid hormones and prescription drugs(1,2). CYP3A enzymes are extremely versa
tile and are inducible by many of their natural and xenobiotic substrates.
Consequently, they form the molecular basis for many clinical drug-drug int
eractions(3). The induction of CYP3A enzymes is species-specific(4,5), and
we have postulated that it involves one or more cellular factors, or recept
or-like xeno-sensors(6). Here we identify one such factor unequivocally as
the nuclear receptor pregnenolone X receptor (PXR)(7,8) and its human homol
ogue, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR)(8-10). We show that targeted di
sruption of the mouse PXR gene abolishes induction of CYP3A by prototypic i
nducers such as dexamethasone or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile. In tra
nsgenic mice, an activated form of SXR causes constitutive upregulation of
CYP3A gene expression and enhanced protection against toxic xenobiotic comp
ounds. Furthermore, we show that the species origin of the receptor, rather
than the promoter structure of CYP3A genes, dictates the species-specific
pattern of CYP3A inducibility. Thus, we can generate 'humanized' transgenic
mice that are responsive to human-specific inducers such as the antibiotic
rifampicin. We conclude that SXR/PXR genes encode the primary species-spec
ific xeno-sensors that mediate the adaptive hepatic response, and may repre
sent the critical biochemical mechanism of human xenoprotection.