Discussions on the steer-by-wire-oriented steering system design are now fo
cused on the methods for determination of a steering system gain and dynami
cs aimed to improve vehicle handling qualities, the optimum steering system
gain, and the effects of artificial steering torque fed to the driver as k
inesthetic information through the steering wheel. The results of studying
these topics have recently been verified by a series of tests with a fixed-
base driving simulator.