Overexpression of glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in rat-1 fibroblasts enhances glucose-mediated glycogen accumulation via suppression of glycogen phosphorylase activity
Ed. Crook et al., Overexpression of glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in rat-1 fibroblasts enhances glucose-mediated glycogen accumulation via suppression of glycogen phosphorylase activity, ENDOCRINOL, 141(6), 2000, pp. 1962-1970
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) mediates many of the adverse effe
cts of excess glucose. We have shown previously that glucose down-regulates
basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase (GS) activity. Overexpressi
on of the rate-limiting enzyme in the HBP, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate a
midotransferase (GFA), mimics these effects of high glucose and renders the
cells more sensitive to glucose. Here we examine the role of the HBP in re
gulating cellular glycogen content. Glycogen content and glycogen phosphory
lase (GP) activity were determined in Rat-1 fibroblasts that overexpress GF
A. In both GFA and controls there was a dose-dependent increase in glycogen
content (similar to 8-fold) in cells cultured in increasing glucose concen
trations (1-20 mM). There was a shift to the left in the glucose dose-respo
nse curve for glycogen content in GFA cells (ED50 for glycogen content = 5.
80 +/- 1.05 vs. 8.84 +/- 0.87 mM glucose, GFA us. control). Inhibition of G
FA reduced glycogen content by 28.4% in controls cultured in 20 mM glucose.
In a dose-dependent manner, glucose resulted in a more than 35% decrease i
n GP activity in controls. GP activity in GFA cells was suppressed compared
with that in controls, and there was no glucose-induced down-regulation of
GP activity. Glucosamine and uridine mimicked the effects of glucose on gl
ycogen content and GP activity. However, chronic overexpression of GFA is a
unique model of hexosamine excess, as culturing control cells in low dose
glucosamine (0.1-0.25 mM) did not suppress GP activity and did not eliminat
e the glucose-mediated down-regulation of GP activity. We conclude that inc
reased flux through the HBP results in enhanced glycogen accumulation due t
o suppression of GP activity. These results demonstrate that the HBP is an
important regulator of cellular glucose metabolism and supports its role as
a cellular glucose/satiety sensor.