OPEN-SYSTEM KINETICS OF MYOCARDIAL PHOSPHOENERGETICS DURING CORONARY UNDERPERFUSION

A novel hypothesis is proposed and tested describing open-system kinet ics for myocardial phosphoenergetics. The hypothesis is that during se vere coronary underperfusion there is precise matching of the rates of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, but despite the precise balance of ATP rates, there is a decrease in the concentration of ATP and an increase in the concentration of phosphocreatine (PCr) caused by the hydrolysi s of AMP to adenosine. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused using a cr ystalloid medium, and coronary flow was reduced by 95% from baseline f or 45 min followed by reperfusion. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonan ce spectroscopy showed a rapid decrease in PCr concentration to 25% of baseline at the onset of underperfusion followed by a gradual increas e in PCr to 42% of baseline, while ATP decreased continuously to 65% o f baseline. The kinetics of PCr and ATP could only be described by the precise matching of the rates of ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis and an open adenylate system that included the decrease in cytosolic AMP concentration via the production and efflux of adenosine. To confirm t he hypothesis of open-system kinetics, two independent predictions wer e tested in separate experiments: 1) total coronary venous purine effl ux (adenosine + inosine + hypoxanthine) during underperfusion was equa l to the decrease in ATP concentration, and 2) there was no increase i n PCr during moderate coronary underperfusion (80% flow reduction). In conclusion, the open nature of the myocardial adenylate system causes mass action effects that exert novel control over PCr and ATP concent rations during coronary underperfusion. The open-system kinetics cause ATP to decrease and PCr to increase, even though there is precise mat ching of the rates of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Finally, the hydro lysis of AMP to adenosine may benefit tissue survival during ischemia by improving the free energy of ATP hydrolysis, thereby delaying or pr eventing calcium overload.