Fecundability and parental exposure to ambient sulfur dioxide

Recently it has been observed that birth rates in Teplice, a highly pollute d district in Northern Bohemia, have been reduced during periods when sulfu r dioxide levels were high. This study, which is based on data from 2,585 p arental pairs in the same region, describes an analysis of the impact of SO 2 on fecundability in the first unprotected menstrual cycle (FUMC). We obta ined detailed personal data, including time-to-pregnancy information, via m aternal questionnaires at delivery. We estimated individual exposures to SO 2 in each of the 4 months before conception on the basis of continual centr al monitoring. Three concentration intervals were introduced: < 40 mu g/m(3 ) (reference level); 40-80 mu g/m(3); and greater than or equal to 80 mu g/ m(3). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of conception in the FUMC us ing logistic regression models. Many variables were screened for confoundin g. AORs for conception in the FUMC were consistently reduced only for coupl es exposed in the second month before conception to SO2 levels as follows: 40-80 mu g/m(3), AOR 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.88; p < 0.0 11]; greater than or equal to 80 mu g/m(3), AOR 0.49 (CI, 0.29-0.81; p < 0. 006). The association was weaker in the second 2 years of the study, probab ly due to the gradual decrease of SO2 levels in the region. The relationshi p between SO2 and fecundability was greater in couples living close to the central monitoring station (within 3.5 km). The timing of these effects is consistent with the period of sperm maturation. This is in agreement with r ecent findings; sperm abnormalities originating during spermatid maturation were found in young men from Teplice region who were exposed to the increa sed levels of ambient SO2. Alternative explanations of our results are also possible.