Terrestrial locomotion in the black-billed magpie: Kinematic analysis of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping

The inter-limb kinematic patterns of walking, running and out-of-phase hopp ing in black-billed magpies (Pica pica) were studied using high-speed video recordings. The flexion/extension patterns of the joints were similar betw een the gait types, suggesting that the within-leg control of the angular e xcursions is similar. This result is further supported by the fact that run ning and hopping are alternative gaits at speeds higher than walking; howev er, magpies show a preference For hopping. Moreover, only small differences occur between the kinematic patterns of the two limbs during out-of-phase hopping, during which the legs are believed to have different functions. Th e hindlimb kinematic patterns of magpies are like those of other flying and more terrestrial bird species; however, striking differences are found in comparison with humans at the level of the internal angles. This is probabl y due to the differences in the morphology and configuration of their legs.