Nano bubbles on a hydrophobic surface in water observed by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

The silicon wafer hydrophobized with OTS was immersed into water to observe the surface in-situ by tapping-mode AFM. A large number of nano-size domai n images:were found on the surface. Their shapes were characterized by the height image procedure of AFM, and the differences of the properties compar ed to those of the bare surface were analyzed using the phase image procedu re and the interaction force curves. All the results consistently implied t hat the domains represent the nanoscopic bubbles attached on the surface. T his was confirmed by the fact that no domain was observed in the case of th e surfaces hydrophobized in the AFM fluid cell without exposure to air. The apparent contact angle of the bubbles was much smaller than that expected macroscopically, which was postulated to be the reason bubbles were able to sit stably on the surface.