Da. Warren et al., Biphasic effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on the locomotor activity of mice: Relationship to blood and brain solvent concentrations, TOXICOL SCI, 56(2), 2000, pp. 365-373
Despite the central nervous system (CNS) being a target of virtually all so
lvents, few solvents have been thoroughly studied for their effects on unle
arned animal behaviors. Of the solvents that have been studied, little is k
nown about the relationship of exposure concentration to behavioral effect,
and quantitative data relating the toxicologically important target organ
(i.e., brain) dose to behavioral effect are almost non-existent. To examine
the concentration- and time-dependency of effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(TRI) on behavior, male albino Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to TRI (500
-14,000 ppm) in static inhalation chambers for 30 min, during which locomot
or activity was measured. Separate mice were exposed to the same concentrat
ions under identical conditions for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 min, to determine
blood and brain concentrations versus time profiles for TRI. This allowed
for the relationships between blood and brain concentrations of TRI and loc
omotor activity to be discerned. The lowest TRI, concentrations studied (50
0-2000 ppm) had no statistically significant effect on activity, intermedia
te concentrations (4000-8000 ppm) increased activity immediately to levels
that remained constant over time, and higher concentrations (10,000-14,000
ppm) produced biphasic effects, i.e., increases in activity followed by dec
reases. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane concentrations in blood and brain approached
steady-state equilibria very rapidly, demonstrated linear kinetics, and inc
reased in direct proportion to one another. Locomotor activity increased mo
nophasically (approximate to 3.5-fold) as solvent concentrations increased
from approximately 50-150 mu g/g brain and mu g/ml blood. As concentrations
exceeded the upper limit of this range, the activity level declined and ev
entually fell below the control activity level at approximately 250 mu g/g
brain and mu g/ml blood. Regression analyses indicated that blood and brain
concentrations during exposure were strongly correlated with locomotor act
ivity, as were measures of internal dose integrated over time. The broad ex
posure range employed demonstrated that TRI, like some classical CNS depres
sants, is capable of producing biphasic effects on behavior, supporting the
hypothesis that selected solvents are members of the general class of CNS
depressant drugs. By relating internal dose measures of TRI to locomotor ac
tivity, our understanding of the effects observed and their predictive valu
e may be enhanced.