A review of the hatchery programs for pink salmon in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska

Five hatcheries in Prince William Sound, Alaska, release more than 500 mill ion juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha each year, constituting one of the largest salmon hatchery programs in the world. Before the program w as initiated in 1974, pink salmon catches were very low, averaging 3 millio n fish per year between 1951 and 1979. Since 1980 the catch has averaged mo re than 20 million fish per year. However, catches in three other areas in Alaska with substantial fisheries for pink salmon (southeast Alaska, Kodiak Island, and the southern Alaska Peninsula) also increased equivalently dur ing the same period, and the hatchery production did not become the dominan t factor in Prince William Sound until the mid-1980s, long after the wild p opulation had expanded. A hatchery program in the Kodiak area provides usef ul contrast to the Prince William Sound program because it is smaller and m ore isolated from the major wild-stock-producing areas of Kodiak Island. Th e evidence suggests that the hatchery program in Prince William Sound repla ced rather than augmented wild production. Two likely causes of the replace ment were a decline in wild escapement associated with harvesting hatchery stocks and biological impacts of the hatchery fish on wild fish. Published papers disagree on the impact of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, but none of the estimates would account for more than a 2% reduction in wild-stock a bundance, and the decline in wild stocks began well before the oil spill. N o evidence in the Kodiak area program suggests any impact on wild stocks. T his analysis suggests that agencies considering the use of hatcheries for a ugmenting salmonids or other marine species should be aware of the high pro bability that wild stocks may be adversely affected unless the harvesting o f the hatchery fish is isolated from the wild stocks and the hatchery and w ild fish do not share habitat during their early ocean life.