Cross-cultural understanding of aesthetic surgery: The male cosmetic surgery patient in Japan and the USA

This review describes the historical development of aesthetic surgery in Ja pan and parallels with the development of the specialty in the United State s. The focus is on the consequences of aesthetic surgery in the male patien t when collaboration between mental health clinicians and surgeons lags. Th e cultural, social, and psychological issues raised are relevant to the div erse cultural groups now seeking aesthetic surgery in the United States. Ca se illustrations are a reminder to aesthetic surgeons of the potential need for more comprehensive evaluation in the group of male patients who may be at added risk for negative outcomes in terms of satisfaction.